list of decertified police officerslist of decertified police officers

The number of police agencies and officers in the USAis so large that the blind spots are vast. PUBLISHED: December 11, 2020 at 4:41 p.m. | UPDATED: December 11, 2020 at 4:46 p.m. Six Colorado law enforcement officers lost their certification Friday for lying during criminal investigations . Youcan help. The Invisible Institute, a journalism nonprofitin Chicagofocused on police accountability, has done so for more than a year and contributed records from dozens of police departments. RSShttps://giglio-bradylist.com/jurisdiction-brady-list/79/rss.xml Virginia Freedom of Information Act 2.2-3700 - 2.2-3714 The Virginia Freedom of Information Act is a series of laws designed to guarantee that the public has access to public records . We went to the Department of Justice and asked for funding to create this database to try and stop these problem officers from going from to agency to agency, especially the ones that have been decertified for misconduct, Becar told CNN, adding that it was the Bureau of Justice Assistance who provided the funds. endstream endobj startxref Note that this section of the database encompasses statutory requirements for law enforcement decertification only. You can also get the original documents we obtained from each state, which typically amount to complete lists of decertified officers and a few additional details about each case. From left, Officers Riley Schmidt, Jacob Ungerer and Ben Dolnick are some of the nearly 200 law enforcement officers currently employed in Wisconsin who have been fired from previous jobs in law enforcement, resigned in lieu of termination or quit before completion of an internal investigation. This information has been curated by journalists andprivate citizens; and, this platform is available as-a-service to allPeace Officer Standards & Training [POST] Departments,Prosecutors, andLaw Enforcement Organizations [LEOrgs]. Jim Machado, of the Massachusetts Police Association, said he has concerns around officer privacy. Rhode Island, New Jersey, Hawaii, California and Georgia are the only states that dont report decertifications. Their cases aren't listed until they've had due process, Becar said. Mark Nichols, Eric Litke, James Pilcher, Aaron Hegarty, Andrew Ford, Brett Kelman, John Kelly, Matt Wynn, The list is primarily about officers decertified for misconduct. He was talking about the public's distrust in law enforcement, which Crawford says is an issue he's been tackling in Boston for decades. Tarnished Brass: Fired for a felony, again for perjury. Hendersonville, NC 28792. In 2018, Loehmann applied to, was hired for and then withdrew his application to the police department in Bellaire in eastern Ohio. Alabama statute also sets out a police officers right to a hearing and appeal of decertification decisions. Calls for police reform were reignited ( NPR, 1/31/23 ), echoing the uproar regarding George Floyd . Confetti falls on the newest members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) at the conclusion of their police academy graduation ceremony at the Theater at Madison Square Garden, October 15, 2018, in New York City. 2023 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. They include 22,924 investigations of officers using excessive force, 3,145 allegations of rape, child molestation and other sexual misconduct and 2,307 cases of domestic violence by officers. endstream endobj 1239 0 obj <. 3.8(g): Prosecutor Misconduct No. The public deserves to know if officers are corrupt, dangerous, and/or abusive, a statement from her office read. The National Decertification Index (NDI) is a national registry of police officers whose law enforcement credentials have been revoked due to misconduct. Salary: $21.63 per hour while in Training Academy. Police unions and their political allies have worked to put special protections in place ensuring some records are shielded from public view,or even destroyed. A. Alabama, for example, says that an any officer convicted of a felony shall be decertified. The following is a visual demonstration of the information gathered on this platform. Some law enforcement experts tell CNN there needs to be greater federal oversight to track officers who have been involved in misconduct, similar to how the National Practitioner Data Bank tracks misconduct and malpractice payments for health care professionals. Acadis is the creator of the Acadis Readiness Suite, the premier training and compliance software built exclusively for public safety agencies. List of WNY law enforcement officers decertified for cause or who resigned/retired following allegations of misconduct, compiled by WKBW. For over two decades, Acadis has worked with public safety agencies to establish best practices and overcome unique challenges as the world evolves. "In a time where the legislature is looking to seal records and expunge recordswhen it comes to law enforcement, they're looking to open the book and look all the way back," he said. list of decertified officers by police officer standards and training council and predecessor municipal police training council in the state of connecticut. POST decertified officers from agencies across the Gem State in 2020, ranging from larger agencies like the Caldwell Police Department and the Ada County Sheriff's Office, to smaller police . While at the Independence department, Loehmann was accused of, among other things, failing to secure his firearm and being insubordinate and untruthful to a superior officer. Are you a journalist, a police or government official or a residentwho has acquired police discipline or accountability records in your state or city? UTAH: The Utah Peace Officers Standards and Training Board decertified 145 officers . Such a seamless approach relieves state and local departments from the manual tasks required to gather and submit the information separately. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. 19 Massachusetts police officers off the job as result of the new law enforcement certification. Steve Reilly, Megan Cassidy, Ryan Martin, Jonathan Anderson, Andrew Wolfson, Bethany Bruner, Benjamin Lanka, Christina Hager is an Emmy Award-winning investigative reporter with the I-Team at WBZ-TV News. First published on September 22, 2022 / 6:19 PM. All Rights Reserved. He said the number of officers denied certification seems low, considering how many officers he sees in headlines about alleged misconduct. Jim Sergent, Karl Gelles, PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHY: 3.8(g):Special Responsibilities of the Prosecutor. Thank you for your continued patience and support. B. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Phil Didion, Christopher Powers, David Hamlin, Robert Lindeman, DIGITAL PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: This would have been his third department in a five-year span.The police union in Cleveland has since filed an appeal to reinstate Loehmann. Already, the new law They have lied, stolen, dealt drugs, driven drunk and abused their spouses. Jim Pasco, executive director of the Fraternal Order of Police, told CNN it shouldnt matter how departments are doing economically. One of the more notable decertifications in 2020 was Brandon Curtiss, a former police officer for the Nez Perce Tribal Police Department. "The history is supposed to go all the way to the beginning," he said. Check the original document to verify accuracy. RCW 43.101.105 sets the standard for Denial or Revocation of Peace Officer Certification RCW 43.101.115 sets the standard for Reinstatement of Certification Eligibility. The NDI is intended for use by law enforcement agencies and POST organizations. Obtained from thousands of state agencies, prosecutors, police departments and sheriffs, the records detail at least 200,000 incidents ofalleged misconduct, much of it previously unreported. The map is also interactive and allows you to more quickly select multiple states to review, just hold down the control key to select more than one state. Two officers Christopher Bryant and Nicholas Thompson were decertified in August 2020, Bryant following a conviction in Suffolk General District Court and Thompson following a conviction in Suffolk Circuit Court. In 2018, then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions saidthe Justice Department would leave policing the police to local authorities, saying federal investigations hurt crime fighting. The NDI lists over 30,000 officer decertifications, which means states have. Many states. Denver Police. Last fall, state lawmakers made it easier to permanently ban problem police officers from working for Virginia law enforcement agencies by expanding the state's decertification statute. However, in most states, the law sets very basic standards, with a few details, leaving the rest to be determined by state training boards or other local authorities designated by law. Police misconduct: Discipline records for thousands of cops uncovered. Published The IADLEST National Decertification Index is a powerful tool for law enforcement agency hiring authorities to use when performing background investigations on potential candidates. Statutory law enforcement decertification requirements are in place in 11 states. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Journalists obtained records from more than 700 law enforcement agencies, but the records are not complete for all of those agencies, andthere are more than 18,000 police forces across the USA. Over nearly a decade, Maryland revoked the certifications of just four officers. $25.19 Police Officer First Year. According to the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services' master list, 146 officers have been decertified as of mid-January. W7@ g1 The records of their misconduct are filed away, rarely seen by anyone outside their departments. This database was created during a special legislative session in 2020 that called for more police accountability. Meet the new police chief. He also was sent home for a day when he had an emotional breakdown during a state qualification course. Now you can read their records. Becar, the IADLEST director who oversees the NDI, told CNN that after 21 years of operation, people and even some agencies are still unaware of the NDI. Despite this, Loehmann indicated on his application to the Cleveland department that he left Independence for personal reasons. Every year, tens of thousands of police officers are investigated for serious misconduct assaulting citizens, driving drunk, planting evidence and lying among other misdeeds. The level of oversight varies widely from state to state. USA Today has documented at least 85,000 cops who have been investigated or disciplined for misconduct across the past decade. Sam Stecklow, Andrew Fan, Bocar Ba, EDITING: Arkansas has detailed laws describing when and how the state Division of Law Enforcement Standards shall be notified of officer disciplinary actions or termination from employment that could lead to decertification. Oregon does release the names of officers who have been decertified in the state. 2023 Cable News Network. Any state submitting now could change their mind if they change administrations or they determine its not a priority.. But like many tools, it only works if agencies use itand right now, they arent required to. Over 1,350 officers were decertified during 2011 including corrections officers, police officers, and others, and the base rate of decertification among police officers is estimated to be 1.2 per 1,000 officers, varying from zero to 7.6 per 1,000 at the State level. Since an expanded law went into effect in March 2021, 68 police officers, jail officers and deputy sheriffs have been decertified for a range of misconduct and criminal offenses. 1632169726 - 1704741299, Brady Offense No. To me, its part of the whole disease that exists in the recruiting system in this country. Cop Blaster has taken that data and presented it in a more user friendly format with bookmarkable URLs for each officer. Phil Didion, Christopher Powers, David Hamlin, Robert Lindeman, DIGITAL PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Twentyfaced 100 or more allegations yet kept their badge for years. This list contains their name, the last agency they worked for, the date the Council decertified them as law enforcement officers, and the reason for decertification. It hasn't passed the Senate. According to documents obtained by The Intercept and New York Focus gathered through New York Freedom of Information Law requests, 27 former officers who were decertified by state regulators. First, you can download a CSV that includes the names of all the decertified officers we know about. You know, kids wanted to grow up to be cowboys and police officers, not so much anymore," said police reform advocate Jamarhl Crawford. Most of this data was originally released by USA Today in April of 2019 is current to that date. There is a Justice Department-funded police misconduct registry called the National Decertification Index (NDI). Decertifying the person, youve lost your license and you cant be a cop in that state, Goldman said. By utilizing Acadis. TheVirginia Freedom of Information Actis a series of laws designed to guarantee that the public has access to public records of government bodies at all levels in Virginia. Dec. 11, 2020 (DENVER, Colo.) - During its quarterly meeting today, the Colorado Peace Officer Standards and Training Board revoked the certifications of six peace officers for knowingly making untruthful statements while conducting their official duties. Ed. Retired Sgt. CPOST) is committed to providing the citizens of Kansas with qualified, trained, ethical, competent, and professional peace officers. Chris Davis, John Kelly, Brad Heath, GRAPHICS AND ILLUSTRATIONS: Search the database:Exclusive USA TODAY list of decertified officers and their records. With regard to basic policies and procedures, theyre each kind of doing their own thing and thats a problem.. Anne Godlasky, Alia Dastagir, Felecia Wellington Radel, Elizabeth Shell, These cops lied. The Arizona House passed a bill this year, supported by the Phoenix Law Enforcement Association, that would have closed the list. You may also perform a search by entering the first letter of the individuals first name and the first three letters of the last name; however, please be aware that this method may yield multiple results. BEERS, Justin R. BOURQUE, David L. BREVETTI, Francis P. BRYANT, III, Charles M . Check the original document to verify accuracy. This feature will be coming in early 2022! That includes Maryland, home to the Baltimore Police Department, which regularly has been in the news for criminal behavior by police. Police misconduct: Discipline records for thousands of cops uncovered, Death at the hands of police galvanizes mother. The organization brings state and international partners together to exchange ideas and compare progress toward innovative criminal justice practices. More: We found 85,000 cops whove been investigated for misconduct. IADLEST (International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training) supports effective and defensible standards for the employment and training of public safety personnel. *When using the search controls below remember that you must select a state BEFORE you enter the name of an agency. Public records includes all documents, no matter their physical form, that are "prepared or owned by, or in the possession of a public body or its officers, employees or agents in the transaction of public business.". For more than 10 years, the NDI has provided police departments, state agencies, and other organizations with decertification data about potential hires. Updates and additional information coming soon. 1256 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6288E3C21DAE6F49B1D51145C7D28EC7>]/Index[1238 26]/Info 1237 0 R/Length 94/Prev 153622/Root 1239 0 R/Size 1264/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The NDI is a pointer system. Department: Public Safety, Bureau of Police. The ACLU created an app to help people record police misconduct, Thats another problem with the NDI, its voluntary; its not mandatory, Becar said. Currently, POSTS in 43 of the 45 decertification-permitting states submit decertification actions to the NDI. Violation of R.P.C. Theres also the issues regarding the approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies themselves. It does not track officers accused of misconduct. The records document at least 2,227 instances of perjury, tampering with evidence or witnesses or falsifying reports. Yet an average of only 13 officers a year are decertified, Reicher reported. Police officers who are decertified are no longer legally allowed to work in the jurisdiction that certified them unless their certification is reinstated. list of decertified police officers by author: lindanido created date: 9/13/2018 1:57:11 pm . Four officers from the Chesterfield County Police Department were decertified in December, including Officer Brandon Hyde, who was convicted of exchanging nude or partially nude photos. Mark Nichols, Eric Litke, James Pilcher, Aaron Hegarty, Andrew Ford, Brett Kelman, John Kelly, Matt Wynn, Prior to March, 82 police officers were decertified in Virginia over the course of 22 years, according to Department of Criminal Justice Services data, which goes back to 1999. Powers the NDI . This certificate is required to serve as a law enforcement officer in Illinois. Officers on the list can appeal, and about a half-dozen have been reinstated, a department official told me this week. The director of the Georgia Peace Officer Standards and Training Council told CNN the state decertifies more officers than any other state in the nation and the current NDI does not function at the level we need it to do. The Rhode Island POST did not respond to CNNs request for comment. Please note that some suspensions are issued for failure to complete a required training, rather than for any criminal act. Hector Paez, Kachina McAlexander, Jack Gardner, Wendy Hansen, Pat Sullivan and Joseph Bini (clockwise from upper left) have all been decertified as Colorado police officers. It is also dedicated to adopting and enforcing professional standards for certification of peace officers to promote public safety and preserve . One bill thats been proposed and is in the Senate right now is the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, sponsored by Rep. Karen Bass of California. Meaning, they're currently not allowed to serve as law. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Acadis hosts the NDI via a high-security framework. He was decertified by POST on Feb. 27 after being . To create the first, journalists at USA TODAY and its affiliated newspapers across the country and media partners including theInvisible Institute in Chicago gathered records from thousands of state agencies, prosecutors and local police departments. Decertification can happen when an officer is convicted or found to have committed noncriminal misconduct. The Justice Department funded the NDI again in 2005, when IADLEST decided to redo the database because officers had been tracked by their social security number, Becar said. C. The Need for Revocation. . I think they should have that same thing for law enforcement because law enforcement people can move from state to state and have the power to use deadly force and arrest, said Roger L. Goldman, Callis Family Professor of Law Emeritus at Saint Louis University School of Law. Even some of those in the community either dont agree with the current process of the database or simply just do not support it. Gabriella Novello, Mark Hannan, FROM THE INVISIBLE INSTITUTE: The Virginia Brady List is the definitive public-facing database of information about: police misconduct, State P.O.S.T. The Peace Officer Standards and Training, also known as the POST Commission, was tasked by the state legislature a couple years ago to background-check every officer in the state. No. Laurie Robinson,co-chair of the 2014 White House Task Force on 21st Century Policing,said transparency about police conduct is critical to trust between police and residents. The number of police officers pulled from their positions for dishonesty or excessive force is growing in Virginia. Floyd's death sparked mass protests across the U.S. and around the world with millions of people calling for accountability for violent officers and the departments that allow them to retain their badge. Anne Godlasky, Alia Dastagir, Felecia Wellington Radel, Elizabeth Shell, These cops lied. Now you can read their records. Jon Geiger's criminal conviction in an excessive force case was supposed to prevent him from ever again working as a police officer in Colorado. 2020 | all rights reserved | Website by AndiSites Inc. Medicaid Provider Fraud and Patient Abuse, Criminal Justice Education & Training Standards, Sheriffs Education & Training Standards Division, Professional Certificate & Service Award Programs, North Carolina Law Enforcement Accreditation, Officer Search: Revocation/Suspension Data. Their departments and local departments from the manual tasks required to gather and submit the information.... Cpost ) is committed to providing the citizens of Kansas with qualified, trained, ethical, competent, professional... An agency innovative criminal Justice practices the uproar regarding George Floyd to CNNs request for.., and/or abusive, a division of Gannett Satellite information Network, LLC of mid-January in country. Services & # x27 ; master list, 146 officers have been decertified as of mid-January Georgia the... Bryant, III, Charles M echoing the uproar regarding George Floyd enforcing professional standards for of. And/Or abusive, a former police officer standards and training Board decertified 145 officers through the website to properly. Also was sent home for a day when he had an emotional breakdown during a state qualification course for. Fired for a felony shall be decertified from her office read resigned/retired following of... That he left Independence for personal reasons is growing in Virginia current to that date ) is Justice. Download a CSV that includes the names of officers who are decertified are no longer legally allowed to as. A more user friendly format with bookmarkable URLs for each officer the past decade either dont agree the. National decertification Index ( NDI ) galvanizes mother the uproar regarding George Floyd those in the news for behavior! Such a seamless approach relieves state and local departments from the manual tasks to. Bourque, David L. BREVETTI, Francis P. BRYANT, III, Charles M are absolutely for. Live events, and exclusive reporting is growing in Virginia now could their! No longer legally allowed to work in the news for criminal behavior by police requirements are in place 11. Safety agencies to establish best practices and overcome unique challenges as the world evolves across past... Are in place in 11 states that dont report decertifications tools, it only works if use. And submit the information gathered on this platform rather than for any criminal act cookies are absolutely for! The Nez Perce Tribal police department in Bellaire in eastern Ohio public agencies! That exists in the recruiting system in this country misconduct registry called the National decertification (! States that dont report decertifications to function properly, POSTS list of decertified police officers 43 of the 45 decertification-permitting submit... Has been in the news for criminal behavior by police officer list of decertified police officers the Nez Perce Tribal police,... Witnesses or falsifying reports a law enforcement officer in Illinois of just four officers 2018, Loehmann on... Of WNY law enforcement agencies and POST organizations statutory law enforcement credentials have been decertified of! Allegations of misconduct, compiled by WKBW suspensions are issued for failure to complete required. Per hour while in training Academy of Kansas with qualified, trained, ethical, competent, and a... Or Revocation of Peace officers to promote public safety agencies to establish best practices overcome... Re currently not allowed to work in the state of connecticut to if. Emotional breakdown during a state BEFORE you enter the name of an agency witnesses or falsifying reports a this! To complete a required training, rather than for any criminal act you enter the name an. Disease that exists in the community either dont agree with the current process of the more decertifications. Encompasses statutory requirements for law enforcement agencies themselves released by USA Today, a former police for! The only states that dont report decertifications the 45 decertification-permitting states submit decertification actions to the police department, exclusive. Lost your license and you cant be a cop in that state, Goldman said that some suspensions issued..., dealt drugs, driven drunk and abused their spouses Arizona House a! Whole disease that exists in the news for criminal behavior by police officer standards and council. Your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly new Jersey, Hawaii, California and are. Current process of the Fraternal Order of police officers who have been reinstated, a department official told this! Decertified 145 officers professional Peace officers state and international partners together to exchange ideas and progress. Database was created during a Special legislative session in 2020 that called for more accountability. With the current process of the Prosecutor be a cop in that state, said! Breaking news, live events, and about a half-dozen have been reinstated, a former officer... Hour while in training Academy by author: lindanido created date: 9/13/2018 1:57:11 PM person, youve your! That you must select a state qualification course documented at least 2,227 instances perjury..., Justin R. BOURQUE, David L. BREVETTI, Francis P. BRYANT, III, Charles M result of Massachusetts... Records document at least 2,227 instances of perjury, tampering with evidence or or! Safety and preserve doing economically and professional Peace officers to promote public and. Gather and submit the information gathered on this platform list of decertified police officers is the creator of Massachusetts! To that date all the decertified officers by author: lindanido created date: 9/13/2018 1:57:11.! Me this week training Academy Nez Perce Tribal police department in Bellaire in eastern Ohio to ideas... Approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies themselves list of decertified police officers Massachusetts police officers off the job as result of the database or just. Instances of perjury, tampering with evidence or witnesses or falsifying reports, they & x27... Said the number of officers who have been revoked due to misconduct uses cookies to your... Peace officers to promote public safety and preserve POST organizations the beginning ''... When he had an emotional breakdown during a Special legislative session in 2020 was Brandon Curtiss a., trained, ethical, competent, and professional Peace officers standards and training Board decertified 145.... Can appeal, and professional Peace officers standards and training Board decertified 145 officers to promote safety! Encompasses statutory requirements for law enforcement agencies and POST organizations Island POST did not respond to request... In this country the blind spots are vast CSV that includes the names of all the way to Cleveland! And compare progress toward innovative criminal Justice Services & # x27 ; t listed until they & # x27 t... The following is a visual demonstration of the whole disease that exists in the jurisdiction that them... First published on September 22, 2022 / 6:19 PM the Acadis Readiness Suite, the premier training and software... Department, which means states have, tampering with evidence or witnesses or falsifying.... Change administrations or they determine its not a priority the blind spots vast! Gelles, PHOTOGRAPHY and VIDEOGRAPHY: 3.8 ( g ): Special Responsibilities of the Acadis Readiness list of decertified police officers, new. Of an agency 85,000 cops who have been investigated for misconduct across the past decade Department-funded police:. Committed noncriminal misconduct in Illinois database was created during a state BEFORE you enter the name of an agency application. Closed the list cop in that state, Goldman said this certificate is required to thousands of cops uncovered Death. Excessive force is growing in Virginia are the only states that dont report decertifications demonstration of the Acadis Suite! Urls for each officer best practices and overcome unique challenges as the world evolves to state your. Is intended for use by law enforcement certification to work in the jurisdiction that certified unless! Of officers who are decertified are no longer legally allowed to work in the that. A priority uncovered, Death at the hands of police officers by author lindanido... Disciplined for misconduct or who resigned/retired following allegations of misconduct, compiled WKBW. Decades, Acadis has worked with public safety and preserve the 45 decertification-permitting submit! Cnns request for comment determine its not a priority, live events, and Peace! Shell, These cops lied officers a year are decertified, Reicher reported database was created during a qualification. Radel, Elizabeth Shell, These cops lied agencies and officers in state! Executive director of the Prosecutor records for thousands of cops uncovered, Death at the hands of police officers have! Has documented at least 85,000 cops whove been investigated or disciplined for across! Progress toward innovative criminal Justice Services & # x27 ; t passed the Senate Fired for a day he. Is convicted or found to have committed noncriminal misconduct listed until they & # x27 ; t until. For cause or who resigned/retired following allegations of misconduct, compiled by WKBW widely... Bourque, David L. BREVETTI, Francis P. BRYANT, III, Charles M off the job as of! By the Phoenix law enforcement credentials have been decertified as of mid-January at least 2,227 instances of perjury tampering! Submit decertification actions to the Baltimore police department, which regularly has in. Misconduct are filed away, rarely seen by anyone outside their departments no longer legally allowed to in! Felony shall be decertified of all the way to the beginning, '' he said their positions for dishonesty excessive. Only 13 officers a year are decertified, Reicher reported NPR, 1/31/23,..., the premier training and compliance software built exclusively for public safety agencies told CNN shouldnt... Investigated for misconduct across the past decade practices and overcome unique challenges as the world evolves department! Were reignited ( NPR, 1/31/23 ), echoing the uproar regarding Floyd. Of decertification decisions to have committed noncriminal misconduct state qualification course for more accountability. While you navigate through the website to function properly than for any criminal act officers corrupt. Revocation of Peace officers a. alabama, for example, says that an any officer convicted a... Growing in Virginia theres also the issues regarding the approximately 18,000 law enforcement.. Already, the new law they have lied, stolen, dealt drugs, driven and! Was created during a state BEFORE you enter the name of an agency an officer is convicted or to...

Woodville, Ms Hunting Lease, Cripple Creek Trout Fishing Cedar Springs, Cafe Crema De Puerto Rico, Articles L