Capone, R. & Lepore, M. From distance learning to integrated digital learning: A fuzzy cognitive analysis focused on engagement, motivation, and participation during COVID-19 pandemic. Name ____________________________________________________, Welcome and Section 1. Finally, regarding marital status, Rania and Coppola22 show how single, divorced and separated individuals were the most affected by loneliness and demonstrated a higher level of mental illness compared to married individuals. Mouchet-Mages, S. & Bayl, F. J. Time is equal Distance/Speed. What is the benefit of squaring the handlebars when coming to a stop? Likely for the first time in recent history, the aftermath of the 2007 recession was a time period associated with economic and demographic decline in Mediterranean Europe. Figure 4, shows the average sentiment scores of the Italian regions: the sentiment score is neutral (between 0.05 and \(+\) 0.05, see Fig. if the front tire skids because of too much brake pressure, immediately release then reapply as necessary, in a rear tire skid when the rear wheel is not in line with a front-wheel you want to release the rear brake the quickly straighten the motorcycle true or false, upper body position during a swerve on a straight road is best described as, compared to swerving in a straight line swerving in a career requires more, in emergency situations it is always best to swerve first before braking to avoid an obstacle true or false, is most slippery at the beginning of a rain, SEMESTER WORDS -english latin greek words-, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. Find the powers p and q required for dimensional consistency. VADERs performance in the field of social media text is excellent. Given this framework, the present study aims to investigate sentiments and topics related to distance learning in Italy from March 2020 to November 2021. Complete the Controls Quiz on page 7 and check your answers. Of the highest emotions detected, trust was found to be the main positive emotion, while fear, sadness and anger were the top negative emotions. As forecasted values can be less than or more than actual values, a simple sum of difference can be zero. Department of Statistics, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy, You can also search for this author in AAAI Conf. J. Ment. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2), by William James This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other par Distance learning was much debated during the pandemic. Google Scholar. The Time Management Matrix: Everything you do in life can be classified by its urgency (Urgent or Not Urgent) and by its importance (Important or Not Important) Important and Urgent. Inspired by Wasserstein distance of optimal transport, in this paper, we propose a novel Wasserstein Distance-based Deep Transfer Learning (WD-DTL) network for both supervised and unsupervised . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12915-w, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12915-w. List the three-step process to shift to a higher gear. The 4-second rule is a basic principle for preventing crashes on the road, specifically rear ending/tailgating. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 3-second stopping distance: You are driving 35 to 55 mph in good weather, on a safe road, and with minimal traffic. 4 second following interval. Instead, \(C_{umass}\) is based on document co-occurrence counts, a one-preceding segmentation, and a logarithmic conditional probability as confirmation measure. 28, 15641573. Sensors (Basel) 21, 5431. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165431 (2021). 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How are the 4-second urgent time/distance and total stopping distance related? These time slices are put into the model provided by gensim33. Italian Government, DPCM March 11, 2020. Sci Rep 12, 9163 (2022). For a truck driver cruising in a longer, heavier vehicle, more space and time is needed. What is the three-step strategy for curves and what does each step mean? The correct answer is the middle option. If a tweet was associated with a particular emotion or sentiment, it scores points that reflect the degree of valence with respect to that category. true or false, all states use the same definitions regulations and requirements for motorcycles. Between the major algorithms to be used for text mining and specifically for sentiment analysis, we applied the Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning (VADER) proposed by Hutto et al.27 to determine the polarity and intensity of the tweets. Second-layer Fe atoms are red in color. Finally, it is worth noting that the most recent statistics about social media usage show that approximately 83% of Twitter users worldwide were under age 5046; this implies that Twitter-based studies generally suffer from an underestimation bias in the opinions of people aged 50 and over. Based on this, we inferred that most people complain about social issues and personal problems that are difficult to management due to distance learning. the time it takes you to react to a traffic event. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/solutions (2020). Finally, we lowercased all of the text to ensure that every word appeared in a consistent format and pruned the vocabulary, removing stop words and terms unrelated to the topic, such as as, from, and would. In Theories of Emotion 333. Therefore, the VADER and nrc methods are not comparable in terms of the number of tweets and polarity categories. Differ. For example, if driving a 60-foot vehicle at speeds over 40 mph, you . Cite this article. An easy way to remember the formulae is to put distance, speed and time (or the letters. 8 identified the following three topics: The first theme includes words, such as digital, family and support, meaning that people need support in distance learning. your stopping distance. = 2 1/4. Plagg, B., Engl, A., Piccoliori, G. & Eisendle, K. Prolonged social isolation of the elderly during COVID-19: Between benefit and damage. Consequently, the WorldNet library of NLTK26 was used to accomplish lemmatization. Note: Curved lines on a distance-time graph indicate that the speed is changing. 10, 321327. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Also considered is the distribution on the primer component analysis (PCA), which can visualize the topic models in a word spatial distribution with two dimensions. A: 87. To solve for distance use the formula for distance d = st, or distance equals speed times time. how can you ride safely on slippery surfaces, if you're being passed by another vehicle you should ride in the ____ Lane position. How does speed affect stopping distance? J. J. Comput. You will generally have ample time and space to make decisions and control your vehicle if you maintain a visual lead of: . the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Assoc. The first step is to discuss the target azimuth angle, retain the far-field . https://aclanthology.org/W14-3110. . What are the four action steps for making a basic turn? If it takes less than 4 seconds, you're following to close and have to increase your distance. These values aim to emulate the relative score that a human is likely to assign to a topic and indicate how much the topic words make sense. These measures became known as emergency distance learning and introduced new experiences and challenges for students, parents, and teachers. Psychol. Following Distance (time = distance) - Americans tailgate . Therefore, if a tweet contains two words listed in the list of words for the joy emotion, the score for that sentence in the joy category will be 2. Hence, the idea is to use VADER for sentiment analysis and subsequently to apply nrc only to discover positive and negative emotions. Using this mathematical notation, the hypotheses can now be evaluated using statistical tools. what makes stopping quickly in a curve more difficult? Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Int. Google Scholar. We conducted the largest study of CH4 emissions from US wastewater treatment, measuring 63 plants with average daily flows ranging from 4.2 10-4 to 8.5 m3 . Rains, S. A., Leroy, G., Warner, E. L. & Harber, P. Psycholinguistic markers of COVID-19 conspiracy tweets and predictors of tweet dissemination. C.) 3 second following interval. 5). The dynamic topic model shows that the peoples concerns changed over time (Fig. Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M. & Rhew, I. C. Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems. Google Scholar. We mainly used \(C_v\) coherence and \(C_{umass}\) coherence as a secondary reference. Internet Res.https://doi.org/10.2196/31101 (2021). CAS Rania, N. & Coppola, I. However, this algorithm fails to properly account for negators. This study aims to explore sentiments and major topics about distance learning in Italy and their evolution over time by using NLP techniques to analyze tweets from Italian Twitter users. One degree of latitude equals approximately 364,000 feet (69 miles), one minute equals 6,068 feet (1.15 miles), and one-second equals 101 feet. Among the eight basic emotions, trust was the prominent positive emotion observed in the tweets, while fear, sadness and anger were the top negative emotions (Fig. This rule is extremely important as it gives drivers a guideline that ensures that they are at an ideal distance from the driver that is in front of them. Thus, when car A is 3 blocks north of the intersection and car B is 4 blocks east of the intersection, the distance between them is decreasing at a rate of 2 mph. MSE= 56/12 = 4.6667. Keeping a safe following distance means that you must give yourself enough time and distance to stop safely should the vehicle ahead you stop short or suddenly hit something. CAS The quantity that tells us how fast an object is moving anywhere along its path is the instantaneous velocity, usually called simply velocity. This tool will convert a period to an equivalent frequency value by calculating the number of cycles per unit period of time from the time it takes to complete one full cycle. Google Scholar. Analysis of the impact of the confinement resulting from COVID-19 on the lifestyle and psychological wellbeing of Spanish pregnant women: An internet-based cross-sectional survey. . Res. Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E. & Satici, S. A. Estimates within this range can vary, though based on the computations, it is reasonable to predict a velocity closer to 90 than to 60. Motorcycles require________ lane width to operate safely? What are possible positions on the ignition switch? 13, 805706. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805706 (2022). To uncover more about distance, time, and speed, take a look at the brief lesson entitled Distance, Time, & Average Speed: Practice Problems. Rule out A and E since a reflected pulse should not invert when moving from more dense to less dens. 82. 19, 19801988. turn style motorcycles are designed primarily for riders who enjoy both highway and non highway writing. It is one of the worlds major social media platforms, with 199 million active users in April 20214, and it is also a common source of text for sentiment analyses23,24,25. & Crunk, E. A. The two authors contributed equally to this work. Last, in the topic related to restriction zones, the emphasis on words such as covid and region remained quite stable, while the term ordinance decreased over time. According to Fig. B) On the graph, which shows the potential energy curve of two N atoms, carefully sketch a curve that corresponds to the potential energy of two O atoms versus the distance between their nuclei. & Fischer, A. 20. From the above example, we can observe the following. We call 93.29 the null value since it represents the value of the parameter if the null hypothesis is true. Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMCON.2019.8936139 (IEEE, 2019). Commodari, E. & La Rosa, V. L. Adolescents in quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Perceived health risk, beliefs, psychological experiences and expectations for the future. Stracqualursi, L., Agati, P. Tweet topics and sentiments relating to distance learning among Italian Twitter users. = 15 ? Begin counting. Why is motorcycling considered serious Tumasjan, A., Sprenger, T., Sandner, P. & Welpe, I. Correspondence to Each car is $8.60 \mathrm{~m}$ long. Child. Nurs. distance = speed x time. (c) Find the intensity of light on the screen at the center of each bright fringe, expressed as a fraction of the light intensity ImaxI_{\max }Imax at the center of the pattern. Primer component analysis using average distribution forseveral topic numbers k. In our analysis, we find that the tweet content changes over time, and therefore, after initializing through the LDA model, its dynamic version (DLDA) is used. An arc array synthetic aperture radar (AA-SAR) is a new type of omnidirectional observation and imaging system. . The Richter magnitude scale is determined by the amplitudes of the P- and S-waves at a distance of _____ km from the center of the earthquake. Question and answer The 4-second rule is an estimate of A. the vehicle's braking distance. Learning to ride and ride well requires what physical traits? We used VADER to obtain sentiment scores for a tweets preprocessed text data. ii. 52); it fixed reopenings of schools and commercial activities in gradual terms, depending on the degree of epidemic risk in the different areas. Med. Question. On a printout of Figure 4.35 on the next page, lay a strip of blank paper along the time axis (vertical axis). https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy140 (2019). For our study, we chose the Italian words for distance learning as the search term and selected March 3, 2020 through November 23, 2021 as the period of interest. It is a simple line graph that denotes distance versus time findings on the graph. Front. For each new period entered an updated conversion scale will display with a range of period to frequency conversion values centered around the converted . Big Data 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-018-0164-1 (2018). If an average adult male has 4 drinks of beverage alcohol in one hour, the alcohol from how many drinks is left in the body after 2 hours? If rate r is the same as speed s, r = s = d/t. An essential challenge in DLDA (as LDA) is to determine an appropriate number of topics. removed HTML tags (such as \(< div>\), \(< p>\), etc.). 7- or 8-second stopping distance: You are driving on an ice- or snow-covered road surface. Why does a motorcycle have an engine cut-off switch? Internet Res. At 35mph or less, you can reliably brake to avoid a collision with a three-second following distance. 3), mainly due to continuous updates by the news media and the succession of government decrees to contain the coronavirus. ADS (b) Describe the pattern of light on the screen, specifying the number of bright fringes and the location of each. To clean the data and prepare it for sentiment analysis, we applied the following preprocessing steps using NLP techniques implemented with Python: replaced HTML characters with Unicode equivalent (such as replacing & with &). Montemurro, N. The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. The Americans were repulsed, and on the following day Greene raised the siege and retreated across the Saluda. To cover the same distance in 1 hours, it must travel at a speed of: 3. Not Important but Urgent. have the time to respond smoothly for problems, how does a motorcyclist define of Lane to determine positioning, just stay safe when riding in traffic you should, to reduce risk in traffic you need to first, the minimum recommended following distance in ideal riding conditions is, the 4-second urgent time and distance generally corresponds to, the distance needed for a quick response to a problem, the evaluate part of SEE includes thinking beyond the moment about options and potential hazards true or false, execute means to use smooth and well-timed transactions and includes the three action steps of adjust speed adjust position and. If it takes 4 or more seconds to pass the checkpoint, you have a safe following distance. Accessed 4 April 2022. Emotion analysis of non-neutral tweets performed by syuzhet. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine LearningICML 06. Jockers, M. L. Syuzhet: Extract sentiment and plot arcs from text. A train can travel 50% faster than a car. This meant keeping a distance of at least six car lengths . Distance = Speed Time Speed = Distance / Time Time = Distance / Speed The datasets used and analyzed during this study are historical Twitter data purchased through the https://www.trackmyhashtag.com/ service which provides data in line with Twitters T & Cs. ride in any Lane that allows you to be seen ASAP. which of the following descriptions apply to standard type motorcycles? This gives drivers more time to react in case of a crash and prevents them from happening. Accessed 4 April 2022. Given three differently located seismic stations, the time-travel graph can be used to determine the position of the _____. Use a line, sign, pothole, bridge, shadow, etc. Cowen, A. S. & Keltner, D. Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients. Why would only this mode of transport work? = 2 5/20 Steps ofsentiment and emotion analysis. 2 second following time and distance (minimum when conditions are ideal and you are paying close attention. Res. 4 seconds is proven to be the adequate distance to prevent crashes,. The results indicate that even if current distance learning ends, the Italian people are concerned that any new emergency will bring distance learning back into use again. Timeline showing sentiment of tweets about distance learning. The different forms of a word cause misclassification for models. Generally if the conditions are wet, the 2 seconds should be doubled to 4 seconds to allow for longer braking distances due to slippery roads. PubMed Central . 20/3 C. What must you do if you start to lose control of the motorcycle? For example, a problem might say: "Find the distance a car has traveled in fifteen minutes if it travels at a constant speed of . Prevention, Planning, and Improvement. Arch. Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. Health Addict.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00443-5 (2020). the following distance at 20 mph. = 45/20 How do you initiate motorcycle lean at speeds higher than walking speed? It is the average velocity between two points on the path in the limit that the time (and therefore the displacement) between the two points approaches zero. 9 show the dynamic volume of each topic in three periods: MarchMay 2020, DecemberFebruary 2021, and SeptemberNovember 2021. Then, to discover the emotions underlying categories, we applied the nrc28 algorithm, which is one of the methods included in the R library package syuzhet29 for emotion analysis. The tool is useful for estimating the mileage of a flight, drive, or walk. Social media has been a major and rich data source for research in many domains due to its 3.8 billion active users4 across the globe. Figure 4.5, we see the already noted relationship between area and distance traveled on the left-hand graph of the velocity function. Time Speed Distance Formula Distance is equal to speed time. Click Calculate Distance, and the tool will place a marker at each of the two addresses on the map along with a line between them. When riding long distances how often should you stop? Indeed, there are no major differences in school systems in Italy from region to region. 1 represents the two-step sentiment analysis. Media Predict., vol. We see that the speed corresponding to a braking distance of 500 . J. Ment. Youth Serv. A well-known drawback of these methods, however, is that they do not allow us to consider social variables (e.g., age, gender, marital status, mode of working) related to the emotions revealed by the model. Slider with three articles shown per slide. The main finding indicates an increase in concerns about restricted zones, following the Italian government decrees establishing the so-called red zones, i.e., areas with a high risk of coronavirus infection. In the topic related to digital support, the relevance of words such as family and support remained stable, while the importance of the term difficulty decreased in the later stages of the period. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072278 (2018). Health 67, 714717. Sentiment analysis and topic modeling on tweets about online education during COVID-19. User: She worked really hard on the project. While distance learning has generated and still generates fears and concerns, integrated digital learning has already proven itself more effective than traditional teaching. A two-step sentiment analysis was performed using the VADER model and the syuzhet package to understand the overall sentiments and emotions. At 65mph or less, you can reliably brake to avoid a collision with a five-second following distance. Abadi, D., Arnaldo, I. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032 (2020). In the past two years, the use of distance learning has usurped other learning systems due to the pandemic, inducing sudden, dramatic and probably irreversible changes in the education process. Fourth Int. how many Lane positions are available to a motorcycle in a single Lane of traffic? Natl. Google Scholar. The model for each time slice corresponds to the original LDA process. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that all complexes crystallized in the chiral triclinic P1 space group and possessed Ag 12 cores (Figure 2; Tables S3-S6, Supporting Information).Colorless block crystals of 1 were formed by the reaction of (S i PrAg) n and CSA-Ag in DCM/MeOH mixture solvents at ambient temperature. 4-second stopping distance: You are driving between 55 mph and 75 mph on wet roads and/or congested traffic. The tweet dataset corpus used here (March 3, 2020-November 23, 2021) contains 630 days, which is exactly seven quarters of a year. J. Environ. Distribution of twitter users worldwide as of April 2021, by age group. Assist. On the other hand, the fraction of tweets on topic 1 (digital support) decreased during the second period and then grew slightly in the last period. Urgent tasks are time-sensitive responsibilities. B. the time it takes you to react to a traffic event. 19. Particularly, topic coherence is the measure used to evaluate the coherence between topics inferred by a model. if you take a turn too fast you may end up a motorcycle is less visible in a car because it to stop safely in a curve what should you do? All of the calculations in this section will be worked out using the distance, speed and time formulae. Bivi-Roig, G. et al. Otherwise, it would have no score for that category. Twitter was chosen as the data source. J. Med. The figure shows a graph of . Average Sentiment Score in Italy by region. Figure 4.5: The velocity function v (t) = 3 and corresponding position function s (t) = 3t. CAS Further limitations concern the dictionary of sentiments (lexicon) developed by Mohammad and Turney28, which maps a list of language features to emotion intensities: Only 5 individuals were recruited to annotate a term against each of the 8 primary emotions. Additionally, it adopts the bag-of-words approach, where the sentiment is based on the individual words occurring in the text, neglecting the role of syntax and grammar. Smith, Michael Abbott, Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 7th Grade - Social Studies Chp 24 Lesson 2, Microbial Diversity/Defense Against Disease. The light then falls on a semicylindrical screen, with its axis at the midline between the slits. Google Scholar. List the five steps of the engine pre-start routine. Now you've got everything you need to substitute into the differentiation result and solve for ds/dt. The second topic includes the words work, student, and lesson. You'll receive the result in standard time format (HH:MM:SS).